ADD stands for Attention deficit Disorder and is similar to ADHD, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The names are used interchangeably and refer to the same type of attention problems usually diagnosed in children, with boys requiring treatment up to four times as much as girls.

ADHD affects 3 to 5% of children worldwide and symptoms usually begin before the age of seven. 30 – 50% of those diagnosed with the condition in childhood continue to display the symptoms as adults.

Symptoms include inattention and being easily distracted, having difficulty focusing and sitting still, struggle to follow instructions, inability to play quietly, impatience, talking non-stop, interrupting conversations, hyperactivity, impulsivity, struggle to follow instructions and being prone to daydreaming. Although these symptoms may be common to many children and seem to be merely annoying childhood traits, those suffering with ADHD display higher levels of hyperactivity more frequently and for longer periods than normal. If left untreated it can affect a child’s education and may persist until adulthood leading to difficulties maintaining relationships and employment.

Other disorders may be present in ADHD sufferers, like anxiety, depression or bipolar or obsessive compulsive disorders. Such combinations can greatly complicate diagnosis and treatment, and most parents prefer the ADHD to be treated first as the response is faster.

The causes of ADHD are unknown, but scientists have identified a number of factors that contribute to the prevalence of ADHD in certain youngsters. 75% of ADHD cases are inherited, and a combination of various genes can cause the disorder. Exposure to cigarette smoke and alcohol during pregnancy means a child is also more likely to suffer from ADHD, and feeding children foods that are high in sugar and low in vitamin and minerals are also contributory factors to ADHD.

ADHD is diagnosed using psychological tests and methods because there is no physical examinations available and treatment usually involve a combination of medication, counseling, life style changes and behavior modification. Medication has proven to be the most cost-effect way of treating the disorder and often yield quicker results. Stimulant drugs like Metadate and Ritalin are used to increase the sufferer’s alertness leading to better concentration on tasks and improved working memory abilities, although the side effects of such drugs have caused concern amongst healthcare professionals. Atomoxetine is currently the only non-stimulant drugs prescribed for ADHD sufferers.

Most stimulant and non-stimulant drugs are not recommended for children under five. Social skills training, extra learning support at school and family therapy also help with managing the disorder.